Chinese Emperors
Dynasty by dynasty, in reign order: who ruled, when, and which of his empresses are in Xiang Li's collection. Every name that leads somewhere leads to a painting.
Why an emperor section
Xiang Li has never painted an emperor. She paints the women the histories reduced to a clan name and a cause of death, and for two thousand years the only way those women were recorded at all was through the men they were married to. That is exactly how most people come looking for them: you search for Emperor Gaozong, and you find Wu Zetian.
So these pages are written the other way round from the usual encyclopedia entry. The reign is the frame; the women are the subject; the paintings are where you end up. There is no artwork on an emperor page, and nothing on one is for sale.
- Rulers listed
- 208
- With a page
- 154
- Dynasties
- 12
- Empresses painted
- 151
The collection itself — every empress, dynasty by dynasty.
The Chinese Empresses →202 BC – 220 AD
Han Dynasty
The complete Han roster, in reign order — the Western Han from Liu Bang's founding in 202 BC to Wang Mang's usurpation, then the Eastern Han restoration through to the abdication of 220. Twenty of these reigns have an empress in the collection.
Western Han
西漢 / 西汉 202 BC – 9 AD| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 202 – 195 BC | Gaozu 漢高祖 / 汉高祖 Liu Bang 劉邦 / 刘邦 | |
| 195 – 188 BC | Hui 漢惠帝 / 汉惠帝 Liu Ying 劉盈 / 刘盈 | |
| 188 – 184 BC | Qianshao 漢前少帝 / 汉前少帝 Liu Gong 劉恭 / 刘恭 | — |
| 184 – 180 BC | Houshao 漢後少帝 / 汉后少帝 Liu Hong 劉弘 / 刘弘 | — |
| 180 – 157 BC | Wen 漢文帝 / 汉文帝 Liu Heng 劉恆 / 刘恒 | |
| 157 – 141 BC | Jing 漢景帝 / 汉景帝 Liu Qi 劉啟 / 刘启 | |
| 141 – 87 BC | Wu 漢武帝 / 汉武帝 Liu Che 劉徹 / 刘彻 | |
| 87 – 74 BC | Zhao 漢昭帝 / 汉昭帝 Liu Fuling 劉弗陵 / 刘弗陵 | |
| 74 BC, for 27 days | Liu He 海昏侯 Liu He 劉賀 / 刘贺 | — |
| 74 – 48 BC | Xuan 漢宣帝 / 汉宣帝 Liu Bingyi 劉詢 / 刘询 | |
| 48 – 33 BC | Yuan 漢元帝 / 汉元帝 Liu Shi 劉奭 / 刘奭 | |
| 33 – 7 BC | Cheng 漢成帝 / 汉成帝 Liu Ao 劉驁 / 刘骜 | |
| 7 – 1 BC | Ai 漢哀帝 / 汉哀帝 Liu Xin 劉欣 / 刘欣 | |
| 1 BC – 6 AD | Ping 漢平帝 / 汉平帝 Liu Kan 劉衎 / 刘衎 | |
| 6 – 9 AD | Ruzi Ying 孺子嬰 / 孺子婴 Liu Ying 劉嬰 / 刘婴 | — |
Eastern Han
東漢 / 东汉 25 – 220 AD| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 25 – 57 AD | Guangwu 漢光武帝 / 汉光武帝 Liu Xiu 劉秀 / 刘秀 | |
| 57 – 75 AD | Ming 漢明帝 / 汉明帝 Liu Zhuang 劉莊 / 刘庄 | |
| 75 – 88 AD | Zhang 漢章帝 / 汉章帝 Liu Da 劉炟 / 刘炟 | |
| 88 – 106 AD | He 漢和帝 / 汉和帝 Liu Zhao 劉肇 / 刘肇 | |
| 106 AD | Shang 漢殤帝 / 汉殇帝 Liu Long 劉隆 / 刘隆 | — |
| 106 – 125 AD | An 漢安帝 / 汉安帝 Liu Hu 劉祜 / 刘祜 | |
| 125 AD, seven months | Beixiang 漢少帝懿 / 汉少帝懿 Liu Yi 劉懿 / 刘懿 | — |
| 125 – 144 AD | Shun 漢順帝 / 汉顺帝 Liu Bao 劉保 / 刘保 | |
| 144 – 145 AD | Chong 漢沖帝 / 汉冲帝 Liu Bing 劉炳 / 刘炳 | — |
| 145 – 146 AD | Zhi 漢質帝 / 汉质帝 Liu Zuan 劉纘 / 刘缵 | — |
| 146 – 168 AD | Huan 漢桓帝 / 汉桓帝 Liu Zhi 劉志 / 刘志 | |
| 168 – 189 AD | Ling 漢靈帝 / 汉灵帝 Liu Hong 劉宏 / 刘宏 | |
| 189 AD, five months | Shao 漢少帝 / 汉少帝 Liu Bian 劉辯 / 刘辩 | — |
| 189 – 220 AD | Xian 漢獻帝 / 汉献帝 Liu Xie 劉協 / 刘协 |
9 – 23 AD
Xin Dynasty
One ruler, fourteen years, one painting. The shortest dynasty in the collection.
| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 9 – 23 AD | Wang Mang 王莽 Wang Mang 王莽 |
220 – 280
Three Kingdoms
All eleven rulers of the three states, in reign order. Wei took the Han's abdication, Shu Han claimed the succession, Wu outlasted both.
Cao Wei
曹魏 220 – 266Shu Han
蜀漢 / 蜀汉 221 – 263266 – 420
Jin Dynasty
The complete Jin roster — four emperors at Luoyang before the north was lost, then eleven more at Jiankang. Almost every Eastern Jin empress in the collection belongs to a reign on this list.
Western Jin
西晉 / 西晋 266 – 316Eastern Jin
東晉 / 东晋 317 – 420| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 317 – 323 | Yuan 晉元帝 / 晋元帝 Sima Rui 司馬睿 / 司马睿 | |
| 323 – 325 | Ming 晉明帝 / 晋明帝 Sima Shao 司馬紹 / 司马绍 | |
| 325 – 342 | Cheng 晉成帝 / 晋成帝 Sima Yan 司馬衍 / 司马衍 | |
| 342 – 344 | Kang 晉康帝 / 晋康帝 Sima Yue 司馬岳 / 司马岳 | |
| 344 – 361 | Mu 晉穆帝 / 晋穆帝 Sima Dan 司馬聃 / 司马聃 | |
| 361 – 365 | Ai 晉哀帝 / 晋哀帝 Sima Pi 司馬丕 / 司马丕 | |
| 365 – 372 | Fei (Haixi) 晉廢帝 · 海西公 / 晋废帝 · 海西公 Sima Yi 司馬奕 / 司马奕 | |
| 372 | Jianwen 晉簡文帝 / 晋简文帝 Sima Yu 司馬昱 / 司马昱 | |
| 372 – 396 | Xiaowu 晉孝武帝 / 晋孝武帝 Sima Yao 司馬曜 / 司马曜 | |
| 396 – 418 | An 晉安帝 / 晋安帝 Sima Dezong 司馬德宗 / 司马德宗 | |
| 419 – 420 | Gong 晉恭帝 / 晋恭帝 Sima Dewen 司馬德文 / 司马德文 |
420 – 589
Southern & Northern Dynasties
Two centuries, nine states and fifty-four rulers, listed here by line: four dynasties at Jiankang in the south, and in the north the Tuoba Wei and the states it broke into. Almost every southern empress in the collection has her own painting, and they belong to the reigns on this list.
Liu Song
劉宋 / 刘宋 420 – 479| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 420 – 422 | Wu 宋武帝 Liu Yu 劉裕 / 刘裕 | |
| 422 – 424 | Shao 宋少帝 Liu Yifu 劉義符 / 刘义符 | |
| 424 – 453 | Wen 宋文帝 Liu Yilong 劉義隆 / 刘义隆 | |
| 453, three months | Liu Shao 劉劭 / 刘劭 Liu Shao 劉劭 / 刘劭 | — |
| 453 – 464 | Xiaowu 宋孝武帝 Liu Jun 劉駿 / 刘骏 | |
| 464 – 465 | Qianfei 宋前廢帝 / 宋前废帝 Liu Ziye 劉子業 / 刘子业 | |
| 465 – 472 | Ming 宋明帝 Liu Yu 劉彧 / 刘彧 | |
| 472 – 477 | Houfei 宋後廢帝 / 宋后废帝 Liu Yu 劉昱 / 刘昱 | |
| 477 – 479 | Shun 宋順帝 / 宋顺帝 Liu Zhun 劉準 / 刘准 |
Southern Qi
南齊 / 南齐 479 – 502| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 479 – 482 | Gao 齊高帝 / 齐高帝 Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成 / 萧道成 | |
| 482 – 493 | Wu 齊武帝 / 齐武帝 Xiao Ze 蕭賾 / 萧赜 | |
| 493 – 494 | Yulin 鬱林王 / 郁林王 Xiao Zhaoye 蕭昭業 / 萧昭业 | |
| 494, four months | Hailing 海陵王 Xiao Zhaowen 蕭昭文 / 萧昭文 | — |
| 494 – 498 | Ming 齊明帝 / 齐明帝 Xiao Luan 蕭鸞 / 萧鸾 | |
| 498 – 501 | Donghun 東昏侯 / 东昏侯 Xiao Baojuan 蕭寶卷 / 萧宝卷 | |
| 501 – 502 | He 齊和帝 / 齐和帝 Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融 / 萧宝融 |
Liang
梁 502 – 557Chen
陳 / 陈 557 – 589Northern Wei
北魏 386 – 534| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 386 – 409 | Daowu 魏道武帝 Tuoba Gui 拓跋珪 | |
| 409 – 423 | Mingyuan 魏明元帝 Tuoba Si 拓跋嗣 | |
| 423 – 452 | Taiwu 魏太武帝 Tuoba Tao 拓跋燾 / 拓跋焘 | |
| 452, seven months | Nan'an 南安王 Tuoba Yu 拓跋余 | — |
| 452 – 465 | Wencheng 魏文成帝 Tuoba Jun 拓跋濬 | |
| 465 – 471 | Xianwen 魏獻文帝 / 魏献文帝 Tuoba Hong 拓跋弘 | — |
| 471 – 499 | Xiaowen 魏孝文帝 Yuan Hong 元宏 | |
| 499 – 515 | Xuanwu 魏宣武帝 Yuan Ke 元恪 | |
| 515 – 528 | Xiaoming 魏孝明帝 Yuan Xu 元詡 / 元诩 | |
| 528 – 530 | Xiaozhuang 魏孝莊帝 / 魏孝庄帝 Yuan Ziyou 元子攸 | — |
| 530 – 531 | Changguang 長廣王 / 长广王 Yuan Ye 元曄 / 元晔 | — |
| 531 – 532 | Jiemin 魏節閔帝 / 魏节闵帝 Yuan Gong 元恭 | — |
| 532 – 534 | Xiaowu 魏孝武帝 Yuan Xiu 元脩 | — |
Eastern Wei
東魏 / 东魏 534 – 550| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 534 – 550 | Xiaojing 魏孝靜帝 / 魏孝静帝 Yuan Shanjian 元善見 / 元善见 | — |
Western Wei
西魏 535 – 556| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 535 – 551 | Wen 魏文帝 Yuan Baoju 元寶炬 / 元宝炬 | — |
| 551 – 554 | Fei 魏廢帝 / 魏废帝 Yuan Qin 元欽 / 元钦 | — |
| 554 – 556 | Gong 魏恭帝 Yuan Kuo 元廓 | — |
Northern Qi
北齊 / 北齐 550 – 577581 – 618
Sui Dynasty
Three rulers, thirty-seven years, and the reunification of China after three centuries of division.
618 – 907
Tang Dynasty
The complete Tang roster, in reign order — twenty-one rulers from the founding in 618 to the abdication in 907. Fourteen of them have an empress in the collection.
| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 618 – 626 | Gaozu 唐高祖 Li Yuan 李淵 / 李渊 | |
| 626 – 649 | Taizong 唐太宗 Li Shimin 李世民 | |
| 649 – 683 | Gaozong 唐高宗 Li Zhi 李治 | |
| 690 – 705 | Wu Zetian 武則天 / 武则天 Wu Zhao 武曌 | |
| 684, and 705 – 710 | Zhongzong 唐中宗 Li Xian 李顯 / 李显 | |
| 684 – 690, and 710 – 712 | Ruizong 唐睿宗 Li Dan 李旦 | |
| 712 – 756 | Xuanzong (Li Longji) 唐玄宗 Li Longji 李隆基 | |
| 756 – 762 | Suzong 唐肅宗 / 唐肃宗 Li Heng 李亨 | |
| 762 – 779 | Daizong 唐代宗 Li Yu 李豫 | |
| 779 – 805 | Dezong 唐德宗 Li Kuo 李适 | |
| 805, for 186 days | Shunzong 唐順宗 / 唐顺宗 Li Song 李誦 / 李诵 | |
| 805 – 820 | Xianzong 唐憲宗 / 唐宪宗 Li Chun 李純 / 李纯 | |
| 820 – 824 | Muzong 唐穆宗 Li Heng 李恆 / 李恒 | |
| 824 – 826 | Jingzong 唐敬宗 Li Zhan 李湛 | |
| 826 – 840 | Wenzong 唐文宗 Li Ang 李昂 | |
| 840 – 846 | Wuzong 唐武宗 Li Yan 李炎 | |
| 846 – 859 | Xuanzong (Li Chen) 唐宣宗 Li Chen 李忱 | |
| 859 – 873 | Yizong 唐懿宗 Li Cui 李漼 | |
| 873 – 888 | Xizong 唐僖宗 Li Xuan 李儇 | — |
| 888 – 904 | Zhaozong 唐昭宗 Li Ye 李曄 / 李晔 | |
| 904 – 907 | Ai (Aidi) 唐哀帝 Li Zhu 李柷 | — |
907 – 979
Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
Five dynasties in the north in fifty-three years, and ten kingdoms in the south. The northern line is listed complete; of the ten southern kingdoms only the Southern Tang is here, because it is the only one with empresses in the collection.
Later Liang
後梁 / 后梁 907 – 923| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 907 – 912 | Taizu 後梁太祖 / 后梁太祖 Zhu Wen 朱溫 / 朱温 | |
| 912 – 913 | Zhu Yougui 朱友珪 Zhu Yougui 朱友珪 | — |
| 913 – 923 | Modi 後梁末帝 / 后梁末帝 Zhu Zhen 朱瑱 | — |
Later Tang
後唐 / 后唐 923 – 937| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 923 – 926 | Zhuangzong 後唐莊宗 / 后唐庄宗 Li Cunxu 李存勗 | |
| 926 – 933 | Mingzong 後唐明宗 / 后唐明宗 Li Siyuan 李嗣源 | — |
| 933 – 934 | Min 後唐閔帝 / 后唐闵帝 Li Conghou 李從厚 / 李从厚 | — |
| 934 – 937 | Modi 後唐末帝 / 后唐末帝 Li Congke 李從珂 / 李从珂 | — |
Later Jin
後晉 / 后晋 936 – 947| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 936 – 942 | Gaozu 後晉高祖 / 后晋高祖 Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 | |
| 942 – 947 | Chudi 後晉出帝 / 后晋出帝 Shi Chonggui 石重貴 / 石重贵 | — |
Later Han
後漢 / 后汉 947 – 951| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 947 – 948 | Gaozu 後漢高祖 / 后汉高祖 Liu Zhiyuan 劉知遠 / 刘知远 | |
| 948 – 951 | Yindi 後漢隱帝 / 后汉隐帝 Liu Chengyou 劉承祐 / 刘承祐 | — |
Later Zhou
後周 / 后周 951 – 960960 – 1279
Song Dynasty
The complete Song roster — nine emperors at Kaifeng, then nine more at Lin'an after the north was lost. Every one of the eighteen reigns has an empress in the collection.
Northern Song
北宋 960 – 1127| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 960 – 976 | Taizu 宋太祖 Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤 / 赵匡胤 | |
| 976 – 997 | Taizong 宋太宗 Zhao Kuangyi 趙光義 / 赵光义 | |
| 997 – 1022 | Zhenzong 宋真宗 Zhao Heng 趙恆 / 赵恒 | |
| 1022 – 1063 | Renzong 宋仁宗 Zhao Zhen 趙禎 / 赵祯 | |
| 1063 – 1067 | Yingzong 宋英宗 Zhao Shu 趙曙 / 赵曙 | |
| 1067 – 1085 | Shenzong 宋神宗 Zhao Xu 趙頊 / 赵顼 | |
| 1085 – 1100 | Zhezong 宋哲宗 Zhao Xu 趙煦 / 赵煦 | |
| 1100 – 1126 | Huizong 宋徽宗 Zhao Ji 趙佶 / 赵佶 | |
| 1126 – 1127 | Qinzong 宋欽宗 / 宋钦宗 Zhao Huan 趙桓 / 赵桓 |
Southern Song
南宋 1127 – 1279| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 1127 – 1162 | Gaozong 宋高宗 Zhao Gou 趙構 / 赵构 | |
| 1162 – 1189 | Xiaozong 宋孝宗 Zhao Shen 趙昚 / 赵昚 | |
| 1189 – 1194 | Guangzong 宋光宗 Zhao Dun 趙惇 / 赵惇 | |
| 1194 – 1224 | Ningzong 宋寧宗 / 宋宁宗 Zhao Kuo 趙擴 / 赵扩 | |
| 1224 – 1264 | Lizong 宋理宗 Zhao Yun 趙昀 / 赵昀 | |
| 1264 – 1274 | Duzong 宋度宗 Zhao Qi 趙禥 / 赵禥 | |
| 1274 – 1276 | Gong 宋恭帝 Zhao Xian 趙㬎 / 赵㬎 | |
| 1276 – 1278 | Duanzong 宋端宗 Zhao Shi 趙昰 / 赵昰 | — |
| 1278 – 1279 | Bing 宋末帝 Zhao Bing 趙昺 / 赵昺 |
1271 – 1368
Yuan Dynasty
The eleven Yuan emperors, who were also khagans of the Mongol empire. Every reign here has an empress in the collection — the only dynasty for which that is true.
| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 1260 – 1294 | Kublai 元世祖 Kublai 忽必烈 | |
| 1294 – 1307 | Chengzong 元成宗 Temür 鐵穆耳 / 铁穆耳 | |
| 1307 – 1311 | Wuzong 元武宗 Khayishan 海山 | |
| 1311 – 1320 | Renzong 元仁宗 Ayurbarwada 愛育黎拔力八達 / 爱育黎拔力八达 | |
| 1320 – 1323 | Yingzong 元英宗 Shidebala 碩德八剌 / 硕德八剌 | |
| 1323 – 1328 | Taiding 泰定帝 Yesün Temür 也孫鐵木兒 / 也孙铁木儿 | |
| 1328, one month | Tianshun 天順帝 / 天顺帝 Ragibagh 阿速吉八 | — |
| 1328 – 1332 | Wenzong 元文宗 Tugh Temür 圖帖睦爾 / 图帖睦尔 | |
| 1329, 184 days | Mingzong 元明宗 Kusala 和世㻋 | |
| 1332, 53 days | Ningzong 元寧宗 / 元宁宗 Rinchinbal 懿璘質班 / 懿璘质班 | |
| 1333 – 1368 | Huizong (Shun) 元惠宗 · 元順帝 / 元惠宗 · 元顺帝 Toghon Temür 妥懽帖睦爾 / 妥懽帖睦尔 |
1368 – 1644
Ming Dynasty
All sixteen Ming emperors, in reign order. Ming rulers are usually called by their era names — Hongwu, Yongle, Wanli — rather than their temple names, and both are given here.
| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 1368 – 1398 | Hongwu 洪武帝 · 明太祖 Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋 | |
| 1398 – 1402 | Jianwen 建文帝 Zhu Yunwen 朱允炆 | |
| 1402 – 1424 | Yongle 永樂帝 · 明成祖 / 永乐帝 · 明成祖 Zhu Di 朱棣 | |
| 1424 – 1425 | Hongxi 洪熙帝 · 明仁宗 Zhu Gaochi 朱高熾 / 朱高炽 | |
| 1425 – 1435 | Xuande 宣德帝 · 明宣宗 Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基 | |
| 1435 – 1449, 1457 – 1464 | Yingzong 正統帝 · 天順帝 / 正统帝 · 天顺帝 Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮 / 朱祁镇 | |
| 1449 – 1457 | Jingtai 景泰帝 · 明代宗 Zhu Qiyu 朱祁鈺 / 朱祁钰 | |
| 1464 – 1487 | Chenghua 成化帝 · 明憲宗 / 成化帝 · 明宪宗 Zhu Jianshen 朱見深 / 朱见深 | |
| 1487 – 1505 | Hongzhi 弘治帝 · 明孝宗 Zhu Youtang 朱祐樘 | |
| 1505 – 1521 | Zhengde 正德帝 · 明武宗 Zhu Houzhao 朱厚照 | |
| 1521 – 1567 | Jiajing 嘉靖帝 · 明世宗 Zhu Houcong 朱厚熜 | |
| 1567 – 1572 | Longqing 隆慶帝 · 明穆宗 / 隆庆帝 · 明穆宗 Zhu Zaiji 朱載坖 / 朱载坖 | |
| 1572 – 1620 | Wanli 萬曆帝 · 明神宗 / 万历帝 · 明神宗 Zhu Yijun 朱翊鈞 / 朱翊钧 | |
| 1620, 29 days | Taichang 泰昌帝 · 明光宗 Zhu Changluo 朱常洛 | |
| 1620 – 1627 | Tianqi 天啟帝 · 明熹宗 / 天启帝 · 明熹宗 Zhu Youjiao 朱由校 | |
| 1627 – 1644 | Chongzhen 崇禎帝 · 明思宗 / 崇祯帝 · 明思宗 Zhu Youjian 朱由檢 / 朱由检 |
1636 – 1912
Qing Dynasty
The twelve rulers of the Qing, from Nurhaci's Later Jin to the abdication of 1912. Ten of the twelve have an empress in the collection.
| Reign | Emperor | Painted empresses |
|---|---|---|
| 1616 – 1626 | Nurhaci 清太祖 Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 / 努尔哈赤 | |
| 1626 – 1643 | Hong Taiji 清太宗 Hong Taiji 皇太極 / 皇太极 | |
| 1643 – 1661 | Shunzhi 順治帝 · 清世祖 / 顺治帝 · 清世祖 Fulin 福臨 / 福临 | |
| 1661 – 1722 | Kangxi 康熙帝 · 清聖祖 / 康熙帝 · 清圣祖 Xuanye 玄燁 / 玄烨 | |
| 1722 – 1735 | Yongzheng 雍正帝 · 清世宗 Yinzhen 胤禛 | |
| 1735 – 1796 | Qianlong 乾隆帝 · 清高宗 Hongli 弘曆 / 弘历 | |
| 1796 – 1820 | Jiaqing 嘉慶帝 · 清仁宗 / 嘉庆帝 · 清仁宗 Yongyan 顒琰 / 颙琰 | |
| 1820 – 1850 | Daoguang 道光帝 · 清宣宗 Minning 旻寧 / 旻宁 | |
| 1850 – 1861 | Xianfeng 咸豐帝 · 清文宗 / 咸丰帝 · 清文宗 Yizhu 奕詝 | |
| 1861 – 1875 | Tongzhi 同治帝 · 清穆宗 Zaichun 載淳 / 载淳 | |
| 1875 – 1908 | Guangxu 光緒帝 · 清德宗 / 光绪帝 · 清德宗 Zaitian 載湉 / 载湉 | |
| 1908 – 1912 | Puyi 宣統帝 / 宣统帝 Puyi 溥儀 / 溥仪 |
Bring an empress home
Canvas prints, scarves, puzzles and more — from $14.
Two full-color hardcovers — 217 empresses, 413 painted characters.
Questions? Write to xiangliart@gmail.com